Health & Medical Men's Health

The Penis (Human Anatomy): Diagram, Function, Conditions, and More

The Penis (Human Anatomy): Diagram, Function, Conditions, and More

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Penis Conditions

  • Erectile dysfunction: A man's penis does not achieve sufficient hardness for satisfying intercourse. Atherosclerosis (damage to the arteries) is the most common cause of erectile dysfunction.
  • Priapism: An abnormal erection that does not go away after several hours even though stimulation has stopped. Serious problems can result from this painful condition.
  • Hypospadias: A birth defect in which the opening for urine is on the front (or underside), rather than the tip of the penis. Surgery can correct this condition.
  • Phimosis (paraphimosis): The foreskin cannot be retracted or if retracted cannot be returned to its normal position over the penis head. In adult men, this can occur after penis infections.
  • Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis, usually due to infection. Pain, tenderness, and redness of the penis head are symptoms.
  • Balanoposthitis: Balanitis that also involves the foreskin (in an uncircumcised man).
  • Chordee: An abnormal curvature of the end of the penis, present from birth. Severe cases may require surgical correction.
  • Peyronie’s Disease: An abnormal curvature of the shaft of the penis may be caused by injury of the adult penis or other medical conditions.
  • Urethritis: Inflammation or infection of the urethra, often causing pain with urination and penis discharge. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are common causes.
  • Gonorrhea: The bacteria N. gonorrhea infects the penis during sex, causing urethritis. Most cases of gonorrhea in men cause symptoms of penis pain or discharge.
  • Chlamydia: A bacteria that can infect the penis through sex, causing urethritis. Up to 40% of chlamydia cases in men cause no symptoms.
  • Syphilis: A bacteria transmitted during sex. The initial symptom of syphilis is usually a painless ulcer (chancre) on the penis.
  • Herpes: The viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause small blisters and ulcers on the penis that reoccur over time.
  • Micropenis: An abnormally small penis, present from birth. A hormone imbalance is involved in many cases of micropenis.
  • Penis warts: The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause warts on the penis. HPV warts are highly contagious and spread during sexual contact.
  • Cancer of the penis: Penis cancer is very rare in the U.S. Circumcision decreases the risk of penis cancer.


Penis Tests

  • Urethral swab: A swab of the inside of the penis is sent for culture. A urethral swab may diagnose urethritis or other infections.
  • Urinalysis: A test of various chemicals present in urine. A urinalysis may detect infection, bleeding, or kidney problems.
  • Nocturnal penis tumescence testing (erection testing): An elastic device worn on the penis at night can detect erections during sleep. This test can help identify the cause of erectile dysfunction.
  • Urine culture: Culturing the urine in the lab can help diagnose a urinary tract infection that might affect the penis.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): A urine test that can detect gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other organisms that affect the penis.

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