Miscellaneous suffixes

Finally, there are suffixes that don't have a clear English equivalent. Some of them can vary in usage depending on the word. Here are some of the common ones along with an explanation of their meanings and an example of each:

• -ada — similar to English suffix "-ful" or "-load" — cucharada, spoonful (from cuchara, spoon)
• -ado, -ido — can indicate similarity to root word — dolorido, painful

• -al — indicates a tree or grove — manzanal, apple tree
• -anza — makes noun forms of some verbs — enseñanza, education
• -ario — indicates profession or place — bibliotecario, librarian
• -azo — a blow of the object of the root word — estacazo, a hit with a stick (from estaca, stake)
• -dero — indicates instrument, means, or capacity — lavandero, laundry (from lavar, to clean)
• -dor, -dora — indicates agent, machine or place; sometimes similar to "-er" — jugador, player; comedor, diner; calculadora, calculator
• -dura — indicates the effect of an action — picadura, puncture (from picar, to pick)
• -ear — common verb ending, often used with coined words — emailear, to email
• -ense — indicates place of origin — estadounidense, of or from the United States, American
• -ería — place where items are made or sold — zapatería, shoe store
• -ero — variety of meanings relating to root word — sombrero, hat (from sombra, shade); vaquero, cowboy (from vaca, cow)
• -és —indicates place of origin — holandés, Dutch
• -eza — makes abstract nouns from adjectives — pureza, purity